Varieties of English

Chicano English

• A dialect of American English spoken mainly by Mexican Americans
• A term to describe the English used by Latin American immigrants in the United States
• Most of the immigrants are from Mexico
• This variety of English contains Spanish features in phonology

https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/VARS_Chicano.htm

Manglish

• An English-based creole spoken in Malaysia
• Consists of words originating from English, Malay, Hokkien, Mandarin, Cantonese, Tamil and Malayalam
• American and Australian slang have evolved from imported TV series
• The English Language in Malaysia has developed its own phonology, lexicon and grammar.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish

New Zealand English

• The variant of English Language spoken by most New Zealanders who speak English
• English is one of New Zealand's 3 official language
• Established during the 19th century by colonists
• New Zealand English is similar to Australian English in terms of pronunciation
• The main influences on NZE are from Australian English, English in southern England, Irish English, Scottish English, prestige Received Pronunciation and Māori

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/languagechange.htm

Mind map

http://misterrichard.weebly.com/mind-maps.html

Language change

Key reasons for language change:

• Individuals
• Technology
• Society
• Foreign Influence
• Science
• Travel, trade and colonization
• Globalization

1613 - Cawdreys Table Alphabeticall 

• The first English dictionary to be published, 1604
• English Language was expanding; influenced by trade, travel and new inventions in art and sciences
• He criticized the poor standard of English the people spoke

1712 - Jonathan Swift, A Proposal...

• Believed that the English Language was in chaos
• 'some method should be thought of for ascertaining and fixing our Language for ever'.

1724 - Trade and the English language

• Trade was significant in bringing new words to the English language
• Cargo lists were used to publicize the goods from all around the world

http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/evolvingenglish/accessvers/index.html

Language change terminology

Amelioration - when a word becomes more positive in some of its meaning

Pejoration -  when a word becomes more negative in some of its meaning

Denotation - dictionary definition/the literal meaning 

Connotations  - words that you associate with a word 

Colnage - creation of a new word or the word itself 

Neologism - new word or a new way of an old word

Apocryphal - may not be true and there is no proof but everybody believes it

Proprietary - names sometimes become concrete nouns or verbs

Etymology - the origin of words - diachronically across time

Orthography - visual appearance of words including the spelling, italics, capitals 

Frozen register - preserving older forms of words

Semantic shift - words used to mean different things/something different 

Synchronic change - change that is in the process of happening at a particular point in time

Defective orthography - spelling is different to how its pronounced, no reliable correlation between the spelling and pronunciation 

Borrowings - words that are taken from other languages e.g. cafe from french

Conversion - words change word class e.g Noun to Verb

https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/english-language/language-change-0/language-change-0

New words in the Oxford English Dictionary 2016

The OED is updated four times a year, every March, June, September, and December. In December 2016 alone, around 500 new words, phrases, and senses entered the Oxford English Dictionary including including glam-ma, YouTuber and upstander.

Other new words that entered the Oxford English Dictionary include;

• Softballer
• Downed
• Bralette
• Fulleride
• Goaler

http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/

Words that have changed meaning

Nice
Today the lexis "nice" has a positive meaning of being a compliment and having a current definition of "giving pleasure or satisfaction; pleasant or attractive". However is used to mean silly, foolish or simple.

Sly
In the 13th century the lexis "sly" had a positive meaning of skillful, clever, knowing, and wise. Whereas now a days it has a negative meaning of being sneaky and deceitful which is not what anybody wants to be referred to as.

Heartburn
The lexis "heartburn" used to have a completely different meaning to what it has now a days which would be to describe an issue or a problem with your stomach. Although it used to have a meaning of jealousy or hatred.

http://ideas.ted.com/20-words-that-once-meant-something-very-different/ 
http://mentalfloss.com/article/54770/15-words-dont-mean-what-they-used 

1600 comparison

Romeo and Juliet:

Peace, I have done. God mark thee to his grace!

Thou wast the prettiest babe that e'er I nursed.

An I might live to see thee married once,

I have my wish.

Modern day translation:

Peace. I’m done talking. May God choose you to receive his grace.

You were the prettiest baby I ever nursed.

If I live to see you get married someday,

all my wishes will come true.

• "thee" and "thou" are both informal
• The lexis "wast" is now obsolete 
• "e'er" now used as "ever"

http://nfs.sparknotes.com/romeojuliet/page_42.html